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Gox in 2011.99 This has led to the often-repeated meme"Not your keys, not your bitcoin".100.
Physical wallets keep the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline.92 One notable example was a novelty coin with all these credentials printed on the opposite side.101 Paper wallets are simply paper printouts.
The very first wallet program, simply named Bitcoin, and occasionally known as the Satoshi client, premiered in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto as open-source applications.10 In version 0.5 the client moved from the wxWidgets user interface toolkit to Qt, and the entire bundle was referred to as Bitcoin-Qt.103 After the release of version 0.9, the software bundle was renamed Bitcoin Core to distinguish itself in the underlying network.104105.
Bitcoin Core isalso, perhaps, the best known implementation or client. Alternative clients (forks of Bitcoin Core) exist, such as Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Unlimited,30 and Parity Bitcoin.106
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On 1 August 2017, a hard branch of bitcoin was created, known as Bitcoin Cash.107 Bitcoin Cash has a bigger block size limit and had an identical blockchain in the time of fork. On 24 October 2017 another tricky fork, Bitcoin Gold, was made. Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining, as the developers felt that mining had become overly specialized.108.
There is no single administrator,7 the ledger is maintained by a network of both privileged miners.3:ch. 1
The additions to the ledger are maintained through competition. Until a new block is inserted into the ledger, it is not known which miner will produce the block.3:ch. 1
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The issuance of bitcoins is decentralized. They are issued as a reward for the creation of a new cube.87
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Anybody can make a new bitcoin address (a bitcoin counterpart of a bank account) without needing any approval.3:ch. 1
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Anybody can send a transaction to the network without needing any approval, the network merely confirms that the transaction is legitimate.110:32
Scientists have pointed out at a"trend towards centralization". Although bitcoin can be sent directly to the bitcoin network, in practice intermediaries are widely used.31:220222 Bitcoin miners join large mining pools to minimize the variance of their income.31:215, 219222111:3112 Because transactions on the network are confirmed by miners, decentralization of the network requires that no single miner or mining pool obtains 51% of the hashing power, that would allow them to double-spend coins, prevent certain transactions from being verified and prevent other miners from earning income.113 As of 2013update only six mining pools controlled 75% of Source overall bitcoin hashing power.113 In 2014 mining pool Ghash.io obtained 51 percent hashing electricity which raised significant controversies regarding the safety of the network.
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According to investigators, other parts of the ecosystem are also"controlled by a small pair of entities", notably the maintenance of the official client applications, online pockets and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients.113
Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real life entities but instead bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are all public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies throughout"idioms of use" (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction information with known information on owners of certain addresses.115 Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are exchanged for traditional currencies, could be required by law to collect personal information.116.
To heighten financial solitude, a new bitcoin address can be generated for every transaction.117 For example, hierarchical deterministic wallets generate pseudorandom"rolling addresses" for each transaction from a single seed, while only requiring a single passphrase to be recalled to recover all of corresponding private keys.118 Researchers at Stanford and Concordia universities also have shown that bitcoin exchanges and other entities can prove assets, liabilities, and solvency without revealing their addresses using zero-knowledge proofs.119"Bulletproofs," a version of Confidential Transactions suggested by Greg Maxwell, have been tested by Professor Dan Boneh of Stanford.120 Other solutions such Merkelized Abstract Syntax Trees (MAST), pay-to-script-hash (P2SH) with MERKLE-BRANCH-VERIFY, and"Tail Call Execution Semantics", have also been proposed to encourage private smart contracts. .
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Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the fundamental level of fungibility. Researchers have pointed out that the history of every bitcoin is registered and publicly accessible in the blockchain ledger, and that some users might refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions, which would harm bitcoin's fungibility.121.
The blocks in the blockchain were originally confined to 32 megabytes in size. The block size limit of one megabyte was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2010. Eventually see this page the block size limitation of one megabyte generated problems for transaction processing, such as increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions.122